Anatomy & Physiology
See correct answers immediately with detailed explanations after each question.
Answer all questions, then review your results with feedback at the end.
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Below are sample questions from this exam to help you understand the content and format.
Q1: Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because:
Answer Choices:
⮚ Anatomy refers to the study of body structures, while physiology refers to the study of body functions.
⮚ These two fields are inseparable because form and function are directly linked, meaning structures are specifically designed to perform their functions.
⮚ For example, the structure of the alveoli in the lungs, with their thin walls and large surface area, makes them ideally suited for the function of gas exchange.
⮚ Physiology depends on anatomy, and the two cannot be studied completely independently.
Q2: A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is:
Answer Choices:
▲ The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, primarily epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
▲ These hormones are responsible for initiating the fight-or-flight response, which increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels during stress.
▲ By contrast, aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids, along with glucocorticoids like cortisol, are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the medulla.
▲ The correct hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla is epinephrine.
Q3: After an infection, many dead and fragmented bacterial cells must be filtered from the body. Which of the following cells will clear out the cell debris?
Answer Choices:
✨ Macrophages are large phagocytic cells that play a critical role in clearing cellular debris, pathogens, and dead cells after an infection.
✨ They arise from monocytes and migrate into tissues, where they engulf and digest waste material.
✨ By doing so, they not only clean up debris but also present antigens to lymphocytes, helping activate the adaptive immune response.
✨ Macrophages are the cells responsible for removing dead and fragmented bacteria after infection.
Q4: While looking at a sample of blood in a microscope, you see a purple-stained cell that is markedly larger than a red blood cell (about two to three times larger). It has a large kidney-shaped nucleus. What type of blood cell is this?
Answer Choices:
🢒 Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell, typically about two to three times larger than red blood cells.
🢒 They are easily recognized under the microscope by their large, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.
🢒 Once monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissues, they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, continuing their role in immunity.
🢒 The purple-stained, kidney-nucleated cell observed is most likely a monocyte.
Q5: While looking at a sample of blood in a microscope, you see a cell that is markedly larger than a red blood cell. It has a bi-lobed nucleus and is filled with red granules in the cytoplasm. What type of blood cell is this?
Answer Choices:
✦ Eosinophils are white blood cells characterized by a bi-lobed nucleus and cytoplasm filled with distinctive red-orange granules when stained.
✦ These cells are primarily involved in defending the body against parasitic infections and also play a role in allergic reactions.
✦ The red granules contain enzymes and toxic proteins that are effective against parasites but can also contribute to tissue inflammation.
✦ The correct identification for this cell is an eosinophil.
