🔴 The mitochondria are the organelles where the majority of ATP production occurs through cellular respiration.

🔴 They generate energy by breaking down glucose and other fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen.

🔴 The process involves the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, both of which produce large amounts of ATP.

🔴 Because of their role, mitochondria are often called the “powerhouses of the cell.”

🔴 Without mitochondria, cells would not be able to meet the high energy demands necessary for survival and function.

✨ Viruses are simple structures composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective protein coat (capsid).

✨ Some viruses also have a lipid envelope, but the basic structure is always nucleic acid plus protein.

✨ They are not cells and lack organelles, so they cannot replicate independently.

✨ Instead, viruses must infect a host cell and use its machinery to reproduce.

✨ This simplicity is what makes viruses unique among microorganisms—they are obligate intracellular parasites.

🏵️ Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

🏵️ Their genetic material is found in a single circular chromosome within the nucleoid region.

🏵️ Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, a simple cell division process.

🏵️ They differ from fungi and protozoa, which are eukaryotic organisms with true nuclei.

🏵️ Unlike viruses, bacteria are living cells capable of independent metabolism and growth.

🖊️ During anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

🖊️ The separation occurs as the spindle fibers shorten, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

🖊️ This is one of the most critical steps in mitosis for maintaining genetic stability.

🖊️ In contrast, metaphase aligns chromosomes at the equatorial plate, while telophase reforms nuclear membranes.

🖊️ Prophase is when chromosomes condense, but separation only occurs in anaphase.

🔺 The nucleolus is the organelle inside the nucleus where ribosome subunits are produced.

🔺 It synthesizes and assembles ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with proteins imported from the cytoplasm.

🔺 These subunits later combine in the cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes.

🔺 Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis, so the nucleolus indirectly supports all cell growth and repair processes.

🔺 Without a nucleolus, cells would not be able to produce ribosomes efficiently, impairing protein production.