Below are sample questions from this exam to help you understand the content and format.
Q1: Which of the following structures in the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing ions, water and nutrients?
Answer Choices:
A. Distal tubule
B. Proximal tubule
C. Glomerulus
D. Loop of Henle
Correct Answer: Proximal tubule
Rationale:
The proximal tubule is the first segment of the nephron after the glomerulus and is primarily responsible for reabsorbing about 65% of filtered ions, water, glucose, and amino acids back into the bloodstream. It plays a vital role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
• The distal tubule fine-tunes ion reabsorption and is influenced by hormones like aldosterone.
• The glomerulus is involved in filtration, not reabsorption.
• The loop of Henle helps concentrate urine by creating a salt gradient, but it doesn’t reabsorb most nutrients.
Q2: Which of the following statements about bacteria and archaea is true?
Answer Choices:
A. Bacteria have a true nucleus while archaea do not
B. Archaea reproduce by spores while some bacteria reproduce by fission.
C. Bacteria can perform photosynthesis while archaea cannot.
D. Archaeal and bacterial flagella are constructed similarly.
Correct Answer: Bacteria can perform photosynthesis while archaea cannot.
Rationale:
Some bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, are capable of photosynthesis, using sunlight to produce energy. In contrast, archaea do not perform photosynthesis. Instead, many archaea are extremophiles and use other chemical sources for energy (e.g., sulfur or methane).
• A is incorrect because neither bacteria nor archaea have a true nucleus; they are both prokaryotic.
• B is incorrect because both reproduce asexually, mostly by binary fission, not by spores.
• D is incorrect because bacterial and archaeal flagella are structurally different, even though they serve similar functions.
Q3: Stimulus: 1of 1.A group of students performed an experiment to test terminal velocity, which is the greatest speed obtained by a falling object. The students dropped different numbers of coffee filters and measured the resulting terminal velocity.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data in the following data table?
Answer Choices:
A. Terminal velocity is when the force of gravity is equal to air resistance.
B. Heavier objects take more time to reach terminal velocity.
C. Heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects.
D. The greater the number of filters, the smaller the terminal velocity.
Correct Answer: Heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects.
Rationale:
Looking at the table:
• Object A and B have the same mass (5.0g) but B falls faster (1.0 sec vs. 2.0 sec).
• Object C (30.0g) falls in 0.5 sec, the shortest time.
• Object D (35.0g) falls in 1.5 sec, faster than A but slower than C.
Q4: Which of the following are the two major parts of the nervous system?
Answer Choices:
A. Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system.
B. Peripheral nervous system and somatic nervous system
C. Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.
D. Autonomic nervous system and central nervous system.
Correct Answer: Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.
Rationale:
The nervous system is broadly divided into two main parts:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS) – includes the brain and spinal cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – includes all nerves outside the CNS, such as those that reach the limbs and organs.
Q5: A mutation of a portion of a DNA molecule changed the resulting mRNA sequence from AUU-GGG-UUC to CUU-GGG-UUC. Using the table below, predict the resulting amino acid sequence.
Answer Choices:
A. From Met-Gly-Leu to Leu-Gly-Phe
B. From Leu-Gly-Phe to Met-Gly-Leu
C. From Ile-Gly-Ser to Leu-Gly-Phe
D. From Ile-Gly-Phe to Leu-Gly-Phe
Correct Answer: From Ile-Gly-Phe to Leu-Gly-Phe
Rationale:
To decode the mRNA sequences:
• Original mRNA sequence: AUU-GGG-UUC
Using the codon table:
• AUU = Ile
• GGG = Gly
• UUC = Phe
So, original sequence = Ile-Gly-Phe
• Mutated mRNA sequence: CUU-GGG-UUC
Using the codon table:
• CUU = Leu
• GGG = Gly
• UUC = Phe
So, mutated sequence = Leu-Gly-Phe
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