HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FF01
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Q1: Which role does the placenta have in embryo growth and development?
Answer Choices:
✓ The key concept is that the placenta functions as the embryo’s lifeline, supplying nutrients and oxygen essential for growth and survival.
✓ It acts as an exchange interface between maternal and fetal blood without mixing the two directly.
✓ Waste products such as carbon dioxide also pass from the fetus to the mother through the placenta.
✓ The placenta also produces hormones like hCG, progesterone, and estrogen, which support pregnancy.
✓ Its main role is the provision of oxygen and nutrients, not digestion, perception, or electrical transmission.
Q2: Which term is used for the outer cells of the human blastocyst?
Answer Choices:
✓ The key concept is that the trophoblast forms the outer layer of the blastocyst and plays a vital role in implantation.
✓ These cells secrete enzymes that allow the blastocyst to embed in the uterine lining.
✓ The trophoblast later develops into structures that form part of the placenta.
✓ The embryonic disk develops into the embryo itself, while the neural plate forms the nervous system, and mesenchyme forms connective tissues.
✓ Thus, the correct term for the blastocyst’s outer layer is trophoblast.
Q3: Which time period is regarded as the germinal period of prenatal development?
Answer Choices:
🔺 The key concept is that the germinal period lasts from conception until approximately two weeks post-conception.
🔺 During this stage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage) and becomes a blastocyst.
🔺 Implantation into the uterine wall also occurs near the end of this period.
🔺 The embryonic period follows, spanning weeks 3–8, during which organogenesis occurs.
🔺 The germinal period is defined as the first two weeks after conception.
Q4: How do teratogens affect prenatal development?
Answer Choices:
🖋️ The key concept is that teratogens are substances or agents that can interfere with normal prenatal development, causing structural malformations.
🖋️ Common teratogens include alcohol, drugs, radiation, and certain infections (e.g., rubella).
🖋️ Facial malformations, such as those seen in fetal alcohol syndrome, are classic examples of teratogenic effects.
🖋️ Teratogens can also affect growth, brain development, and organ formation depending on timing and dosage.
🖋️ Thus, malformed facial features are a recognized impact of teratogen exposure during pregnancy.
Q5: A seven-month-old baby begins vocalizing consonant-vowel sequences such as "ma-ma-ma" and "da-da-da." Which form of intentional vocalization does this illustrate?
Answer Choices:
🔶 The key concept is that babbling begins around 6–10 months of age, characterized by repeated consonant-vowel combinations.
🔶 This stage marks a transition from reflexive vocalizations to intentional sound production.
🔶 Cooing occurs earlier (around 6–8 weeks) and involves only vowel-like sounds.
🔶 Gesturing refers to physical communication, and holophrastic speech occurs later, when single words carry whole meanings.
🔶 Consonant-vowel repetition at seven months represents babbling.
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