Anatomy and physiology ( hellen fluid college)
See correct answers immediately with detailed explanations after each question.
Answer all questions, then review your results with feedback at the end.
Timed simulation that mimics real exam conditions. No feedback until completion.
Below are sample questions from this exam to help you understand the content and format.
Q1: Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation?
Answer Choices:
🏵️ Diuretics promote the excretion of water and electrolytes through urine, which reduces blood volume and lowers blood pressure.
🏵️ Unlike the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle and the countercurrent exchange system in the vasa recta, which both help preserve water in the body, diuretics actually oppose water conservation.
🏵️ The collecting duct also plays a crucial role in water reabsorption under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), concentrating urine to conserve water.
🏵️ Because diuretics increase urine output instead of decreasing it, they interfere with water conservation.
🏵️ Thus, the only option that does not contribute to conserving water is the use of diuretics.
Q2: The acrosome contains enzymes used to _______________.
Answer Choices:
🖊️ The acrosome is a cap-like structure covering the head of the sperm that contains specialized enzymes.
🖊️ These enzymes, such as hyaluronidase and acrosin, help the sperm digest and penetrate the zona pellucida, which is the protective layer surrounding the ovum.
🖊️ This process is essential for fertilization because without acrosomal enzymes, sperm would not be able to enter the egg.
🖊️ Contrary to the other options, the acrosome does not act on the vagina, uterus, or semen—it is specifically designed for egg penetration.
🖊️ The acrosome’s role is to allow sperm to penetrate the barriers around the ovum, enabling fertilization.
Q3: Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what?
Answer Choices:
🔷 Estrogen rises during certain phases of the menstrual cycle and has the ability to mimic the effects of aldosterone, a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
🔷 Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, leading to water retention and, in some cases, bloating.
🔷 This is why many women notice swelling or water weight gain in the days surrounding ovulation or menstruation.
🔷 Estrogen does not act like ADH, oxytocin, or natriuretic peptides, which regulate other fluid or reproductive functions.
🔷 Thus, water retention occurs because estrogen mimics the action of aldosterone.
Q4: The uptake of nutrient molecules into the body's own tissues is called_________.
Answer Choices:
🔵 Absorption is the process by which nutrient molecules from digested food pass through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
🔵 This step occurs mainly in the small intestine, where villi and microvilli greatly increase the surface area for efficient nutrient uptake.
🔵 Ingestion refers to the act of eating, and digestion refers to the breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
🔵 Compaction refers to the process of forming feces by removing water in the large intestine.
🔵 The correct process of taking nutrients into the body’s own tissues is absorption.
Q5: In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the
Answer Choices:
🔴 In fetal development, the lungs are not yet functional, so the circulatory system has special adaptations to bypass them.
🔴 The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria that allows blood to flow directly into the left atrium, bypassing the pulmonary circuit.
🔴 The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, further diverting blood away from the non-functioning fetal lungs.
🔴 These shunts ensure that oxygen-rich blood from the placenta is efficiently delivered to the fetal tissues.
🔴 Thus, in fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs through the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
SOCIOLOGY
