A nurse is giving a presentation about client confidentiality to a group of newly licensed nurses. Which of the following actions should he use as an example of a violation of confidentiality?

Client confidentiality, governed primarily by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), protects a client's health information from being disclosed to unauthorized individuals. Reporting laboratory findings to a member of the client's family is a violation of confidentiality unless the client has explicitly given consent for that family member to receive health information. Family members, regardless of relationship, do not have an automatic right to a client's private medical information once the client is an adult. Discussing a client's surgical procedure with the nurse manager is appropriate because the nurse manager is a member of the treatment team and needs this information to support safe care delivery. Notifying the provider of physical examination findings is a standard nursing duty and does not violate confidentiality because the provider is directly involved in the client's care. Identifying the client by name when making a referral for home health services is a necessary disclosure for continuity of care and is a permitted use of health information under HIPAA. Therefore, sharing laboratory results with a family member without the client's authorization is the clear example of a confidentiality violation.